Understanding the Highly Sensitive Person (HSP): An In-Depth Exploration of Sensory Processing Sensitivity

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The trait of high sensitivity, scientifically recognized as Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS), is more commonly referred to as being a Highly Sensitive Person (HSP). This trait is found in approximately 20-30% of the population. [1]


The Nature of High Sensitivity

HSPs can be likened to walking barometers, with their moods and reactions finely attuned to their environment. Their sensitivity is not a vulnerability factor or a condition to be "fixed"; rather, it is an intrinsic, biological trait that has been studied across multiple species, not just humans. Under right conditions sensitivity is an advantage, as thanks to their increased depth of processing they are capable of noticing more as compared to non-HSPs. They often excel as decision-makers or extraordinary creators.

HSPs are highly empathetic and are incredibly responsive to subtle changes in their environment, such as sounds, smells, and even a tone of voice or a glance. Attempting to desensitize or suppress this trait is ineffective and counterproductive. Instead, when HSPs are placed in supportive and compatible environments, they can thrive—often even more so than non-HSPs.

The Impact of Childhood on HSPs

Research shows that HSPs suffer more in adverse, unsupported childhoods but thrive even more in positive, supportive environments compared to those without the trait. Supportive parenting is crucial in ensuring the well-being and development.

Sensitive children, in particular, are profoundly affected by the moods of those around them, especially their parents. They bond and engage deeply with caregivers (for the better or worse), hence it's essential that they are parented in a way that nurtures their unique abilities and supports their sensitive nervous systems.


Key Needs of Highly Sensitive People

According to Dr. Elaine Aron, a leading researcher in this field, HSPs require several key elements to navigate life successfully:

  • Recognition of their trait: HSPs need to understand that their sensitivity is a real and valid aspect of who they are.

  • A compatible lifestyle: It’s important for HSPs to design a life that accommodates their sensitivity.

  • Reframing the past: Understanding past experiences through the lens of their sensitivity offers healing.

  • Healing from past traumas: This is crucial for personal growth and well-being.

  • Community: Connecting with other HSPs can provide support and understanding.

Additionally, HSPs benefit from:

  • Adequate rest and solitude: Time alone is essential for recharging.

  • Engaging in meaningful projects: Real-life, purpose-driven activities resonate deeply with HSPs.

  • Spiritual depth: A focus on spirituality or deeper meaning in life is often significant.

Many HSPs have found success by becoming educated about their trait, learning to create balance in their daily lives through activities like meditation, creative arts, nature walks, yoga, and identifying supportive environments. Seeking professional help from those knowledgeable about SPS can also be beneficial, particularly in reframing and understanding their experiences as normal.

The Science Behind High Sensitivity

SPS is a trait found equally among genders, with about 70% of HSPs being introverts and 30% extroverts. It is not a diagnosable disorder but rather a trait that requires careful attention because the needs of HSPs can differ significantly from the general population. HSPs are more prone to sensory overload, which can impact their physical and mental health.

Research indicates that highly sensitive individuals often have poorer developmental outcomes and a higher likelihood of behavioral and psychological difficulties in stressful and unsupportive early environments. However, in nurturing and supportive environments, HSPs can flourish, potentially even more so than their less sensitive counterparts.

Physical Differences in HSPs

Research has identified several physical distinctions in HSPs:

  • Increased activation in the mirror neuron system: This leads to heightened empathy and, at times, sensory overload as HSPs "mirror" the emotions and experiences of those around them. [8]

  • Heightened amygdala activity: This can trigger the fight/flight/freeze response more frequently, leading to the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline. This response is often associated with anxiety, emotional reactivity, digestive issues, headaches, and other chronic conditions.

HSPs are often more sensitive to medications and more susceptible to side effects. This sensitivity to medication is emerging as a potential method for tangible SPS testing. [9]


Professional Assessment of High Sensitivity: The D.O.E.S. Model

A professional assessment of HSPs involves the D.O.E.S. model, which summarizes the aspects of high sensitivity:

  • Depth of Processing: HSPs process information more deeply, often relying on careful consideration of all options before making decisions.

  • Overstimulation/Overarousal: HSPs can become easily overwhelmed by excessive stimuli.

  • Emotional Responsivity/Empathy: HSPs have stronger emotional reactions and heightened empathy.

  • Sensitivity to Subtle Stimuli: HSPs are highly aware of subtle changes in their environment.

Studies have supported these aspects, particularly the depth of processing. Research has shown that HSPs use more brain regions associated with deeper processing of information, especially when it involves noticing subtleties.

Practical Tools and Resources for HSPs

For those seeking to better understand or assess their sensitivity, various self-tests are available:


Further ReadinG


Conclusion

Understanding and embracing the trait of high sensitivity can lead to a more fulfilling and balanced life for HSPs. By recognizing the unique needs of HSPs and creating environments that support them, we can help these individuals thrive in a world that often feels overwhelming.

References

  1. Lionetti, F., Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Burns, G. L., Jagiellowicz, & Pluess, M. (2018). Dandelions, tulips and orchids: evidence for the existence of low-sensitive, medium-sensitive and high-sensitive individuals. Translational Psychiatry, 8, 24.

  2. Slagt, M., Dubas, J. S., van Aken, M. A., Ellis, B. J., Dekovic, M. (2018). Sensory processing sensitivity as a marker of differential susceptibility to parenting. Developmental Psychology, 54, 543-558.

  3. Booth, C., Standage, H., & Fox, E. (2015). Sensory-processing sensitivity moderates the association between childhood experiences and adult life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 24–29.

  4. Aron, E. N., Aron, A., & Davies, K. M. (2005). Adult shyness: The interaction of temperamental sensitivity and an adverse childhood environment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 181–197.

  5. Liss, M., Timmel, L., Baxley, K., Killingsworth, P. (2005). Sensory processing sensitivity and its relation to parental bonding, anxiety, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1429–1439.

  6. Pluess, M., & Boniwell, I. (2015). Sensory Processing Sensitivity predicts treatment response to a school-based depression prevention program: Evidence of vantage sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 40–45.

  7. Boyce, W. T. (2019). The orchid and the dandelion: Why some people struggle and how all can thrive. London: Bluebird Books for Life.

  8. Acevedo, B. P., Aron, E. N., Aron, A., Sangster, M.-D., Collins, N., Brown, L. L. (2014). The highly sensitive brain: an fMRI study of sensory processing sensitivity and response to others' emotions. Brain and Behavior, 4, 580-594

  9. Jagiellowicz, J., Acevedo, B. P., Tillmann, T., Aron, A., Aron, E. N. (2023). The relationship between sensory processing sensitivity and medication sensitivity: brief report. Frontiers in Psychology, 14.